signs of life
themes in biology
energy, systems and interactions
stability
evolution
unity within diversity
inductive and deductive reasoning
scientific methodology
from hypothesis to theory
cellular organization
historical perspectives
chemical constituents
biochemistry
classification
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
comparisons between plant and animal cells
plasma membrane
cytoskeleton
cytosol
nucleus
DNA
nuclear membrane
nuclear pores
nucleolus
ribosomal RNA
ribosomes
endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi complex
lysosomes
mitochondria
vesicular transport
structure of the plasma membrane, the fluid-mosaic model
Brownian motion
diffusion
concentration gradient
dynamic equilibrium
diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide
osmosis
osmotic pressure
isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions
passive transport
facilitated diffusion
active transport
endocytosis, including receptor-mediated endocytosis
exocytosis
the prokaryotic cell
the eukaryotic cell
nucleus
genetic material within a cell
prokaryotic cell division
eukaryotic cell division
eukaryotic cell cycle
interphase
M phase (Mitosis)
prophase
centrioles
spindle
metaphase plate
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
cytokinesis
the prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell
genetic material within a eukaryotic cell including chromosomes, karyotype, homologous chromosomes, sex chromosomes, and autosomes
eukaryotic cell division
asexual versus sexual reproduction
sexual reproduction including fertilization, zygote, meiosis, diploid (2n), and haploid (n)
Meiosis I
Meiosis II
nondisjunction
spermatogenesis
oogenesis
functions of blood
the components of blood, plasma, plasma proteins, red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes)
blood clotting against infection by pathogens
first, second, and third lines of defense
immune system defects
HIV and AIDS
atoms, protons, neutrons, and electrons
an introduction to the periodic table
elements, important elements in biology, trace elements
atomic number
atomic structure
electron energy levels
molecules and compounds
valence electrons
covalent bonds
polar and non-polar covalent bonds
ionic bonds
hydrogen bonds
chemical and structural formulae
water and properties of water
cohesion and adhesion
organic compounds including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
energy - structure of ATP and ADP
oxidation-reduction reactions
description of anaerobic and aerobic respiration
the glycolytic chemical pathway
the role of glucose and enzymes
roles of carbon dioxide, water, oxygen, glucose, and pigments including chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the carotenoids
chloroplasts
the chemical reaction for photosynthesis
light reactions
Photosystems I and II
electron transport chainsthe generation of ATP and NADPH
dark reactions
the Calvin Cycle
enzyme production
chemical reactions
catalyst substrates
energy of activation
enzyme nomenclature
enzyme structure
lock-and-key model
induced-fit model
enzyme activity
effects of enzyme on substrate
reusable characteristic of enzymes
factors affecting enzyme activity
temperature
enzyme concentration
substrate concentration
pH
cofactors
noncompetitive enzyme inhibition
competitive enzyme inhibition
allosteric activation
cooperativity
an introduction to DNA
genes, traits and heredity
the discovery of nucleic acid and chromosomes
chromosomal theory of inheritance
DNA chemical composition
purine, pyrimidine, and nucleotide structure
experiments leading to the discovery of DNA as hereditary material
Griffith's pneumococcus experiment
Avery, MacLeod, & McCarty cell extract experiments
Chargaff's Rules
Hershey & Chase bacteriophage experiment
x-ray diffraction studies of DNA structure
Watson & Crick, identification of double helix
Messelson & Stahl experiments
DNA replication and repair processes
From DNA to Protein
one gene-one enzyme hypothesis
Sir Archibald Garrod
George Beadle and Edward Tatum
one gene-one polypeptide hypothesis
the structure of DNA
the structure of RNA
transcription
translation
Mendel's biography
Mendel's pure-breeding pea plant
self-fertilizing pea plants
the seven famous traits of mendel's pea plants
experiment on the inheritance of seed color
modern terms in genetics
heredity based in probabilities
Mendel's Law of Segregation
the punnett square
Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment
Gregor Mendel
principles of heredity
chromosomal inheritance
studies by Walter Sutton and Thomas Morgan
patterns of heredity
human heredity and genetic disorders
gene therapy
DNA composition and its function as genetic material
the use of natural variation in genes for selective breeding
changes in genes through mutation
the experimental process of genetic engineering
examples of modern genetic engineering in microbes plants, and animals
applications of genetic engineering in medicine and gene therapy
Earth's prehistoric life
early views on evolution
Charles Darwin
heredity
natural selection
micro evolution
variation
evolutionary fitness
speciation
fossil finds
macro evolution
mass extinctions
history of classification
criteria for classification
the five kingdom classification scheme
six-plus classification schemes
three domain classification scheme
taxonomic keys
the traditional school of systematics, cladistics, and phenetics
size, shape and structure
attachment to host cell
entry into host cell
reproduction – lytic cycle, lysogenic cycle
retrovirus reproduction and transmission
viral diseases
viral vaccines
size, shape, and structure
classification by respiration
classification by mode of nutrition
reproduction
genetic exchange methods
types of bacteria, Archaebacteria, Eubacteria
bacterial diseases and transmission
disease prevention
Pasteur
Koch
Sir Alexander Fleming
biological and economic importance of bacteria
evolution of protists
plant-like protists
animal-like protists
fungi-like protists
diseases caused by protists
similarities between fungi and plants
fungal habitats and sizes
typical structures
evolution of the fungi
asexual and sexual reproduction
zygomycota
ascomycota
basidiomycota
deuteromycota
fungal diseases
symbiosis between fungi and plants
characteristics of plants
classification of the non-flowering plants
plant adaptations
the three groups of non-flowering plants, the bryophytes, the seedless vascular plants, and the seed-bearing vascular plants (gymnosperms)
lifecycle of non-flowering plants
origins of multicellular organisms
distinctive animal characteristics
binomial classification of animals
embryonic development and the importance of ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm, and the coelom
symmetry
overview of invertebrate phyla: Porifera, Cnidaria, Ctenophora, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Rotifera, Mollusca, Annelida, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, and the invertebrate Chordates
a survey of the animal kingdom
animal versus plant cell structure
binomial nomenclature
Linnaean classification
chordate characteristics and classification
vertebrate characteristics and classification
vertebrate evolution
vertebrate form and function
characteristics and adaptations of fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals
the importance of the leaf
external appearance
simple vs. compound leaves
patterns of leaf arrangement
veins in leaves
conducting tissue
tissue and cell of leaves including epidermis, mesophyll and bundle sheath
stoma structure and function
transpiration
photosynthesis
human uses of leaves
functions of the root
primary and secondary roots
tap root system
fibrous root system
adventitious root system
root cap
growth zones
root tissues
functions of the stem
types of stems
structure and tissues of herbaceous monocot
herbaceous dicot
woody dicot stems
plant classification
structure and function of a flower
modes of pollination
sexual reproduction versus asexual reproduction
lifecycle of an angiosperm
fruit production
differences between fruits and vegetables
the importance of fruits and vegetables to humans and other animals
lithosphere
hydrosphere
atmosphere
biotic and abiotic symbiosis
mutualism
commensualism
parasitism
ecological succession
the biosphere (Biodome) project in Arizona
energy transfer through living things
producers, consumers and decomposers
photosynthesis and chemosynthesis in autotrophs
feeding styles of heterotrophs
community trophic structure
food chains
food webs
ecological pyramids
energy availability in a community
biological magnification
overpopulation
human interactions with food chains and webs
climate
solar energy
patterns of air and ocean circulation
geographical influences on climate
microclimate
the physical characteristics of each biome
plant and animal adaptations
aquatic ecosystems
roles of humans in altering biomes
defining a population
characteristics of populations
types of populations
growth rate of populations
strategies of reproduction
human population growth
limiting factors
age structure of populations
interactions between populations including endangered species
human history and the environment
population growth
environmental compartments
ozone depletion
global warming
smog
acid deposition
water pollution
pollution control
habitat destruction
natural resource exploitation
biodiversity
extinction
conservation biology
